ABSTRACT
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR),an important ionic glutamate receptor and a ligand and voltage-gated ion channel characterized by complex composition and functions and wide distribution,plays a key role in the pathological and physiological process of diseases or stress states.NMDAR can mediate apoptosis through different pathways such as mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum damage,production of reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite,and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and calpain.This paper reviews the structure,distribution,and biological characteristics of NMDAR and the mechanisms of NMDAR-mediated apoptosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective To study the medication regularity of Chinese herbal medicines based on hyperuricemia patents. Methods Access database was established to summarzie the patents regarding hyperuricemia disclosured by State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) of the People's Republic of China in 1986-2015. Statistically analysis was performed by Chinese Medicine Inheritance Support System (TCMISS). Results The literatures of Chinese herbal medicines treating hyperuricemia were 1223, and 138 papers were included by excluding and screening, and contain 282 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion By analyzing the frequency, efficacy, flavor, channel tropism, and composition of the herbs used, we recognize that the efficacy of herbs in curing hyperuricemia is mostly clearing heat and promoting diuresis, invigorating the circulation of blood, dispersing stasis, alleviating water retention, and reinforcing deficiency concurrently. Flavors are mostly sweet, bitter, and cold. Channel tropism is mainly to liver, spleen, stomach, lung, and kidney. It provides the medication consideration for clinical treatment of hyperuricemia.